요약
설명
이상적으로, 모든 식물 생산은 유기적으로 육종되고 유기적으로 증식된 품종을 기반으로 해야 한다. 특정 작물의 유기농 품종의 수가 매우 제한적이거나 존재하지 않으면, 유기농업에서는 유전공학에서 유래된 품종(유전자변형 작물) 이외에 일반적으로 육종된 품종은 허용된다. 그러나 관행농에서 육종된 품종의 씨앗은 유기농업 체계의 인증을 받아야 한다.
유기적으로 증식된 씨앗과 식물물질의 품질을 향상시키고 증식의 위험을 줄이기 위하여 이 문제를 전문적으로 다룰 농민단체는 훈련이 필요하다. 이와 관련된 모든 측면에서 훈련해야 한다: 육종의 유지, 원치 않는 교차수분의 회피, 씨앗과 식물의 건강, 식물 번식의 위생 문제, 씨앗의 정선과 가공, 장단기 저장 및 마케팅 전략 등이다. 씨앗 생산은 가능하면 농민들에 많은 정보를 제공하기 위해 농장 내에서 품종 시험이 이루어져야 한다.
식물의 번식
우선, 번식의 종류를 결정해야 한다. 상추나 가지, 토마토, 콩 같이 유성생식(씨앗)으로 번식하는 것이 있고, 식물의 일부를 이용하는 무성생식이 있고, 감자와 고구마 같이 번식하는 것도 있고, 양파와 마늘처럼 구근으로 번식하는 것이 있고, 딸기는 땅 위로 뻗어 번식하는 것 등이 있다.
번식 방법에는 차이가 있지만 모든 씨앗과 식물 물질은 병원균과 풀이 없고, 안전한 출처에서 얻어야 한다. 인증된 씨앗은 보통 깨끗하지만, 그런 씨앗을 구할 수 없는 농민은 씨앗을 매개로 한 질병을 없애기 위해 처리를 해야 한다(예: 뜨거운 물 등에). 씨앗을 건강하게 보관하는 건 작물의 생산성을 유지하고 병해충을 예방하는 데 중요하다.
씨앗의 온수 처리법
저장 중 병해충을 예방하는 조치
아래에서 씨앗의 평가, 특성화, 증식에서 고려할 사항을 자세히 설명할 것이다.
씨앗의 평가, 특성화, 증식의 기준
농민은 그들의 특정 요구를 충족시키기 위해 특정한 특성 -수확량, 빛깔, 육질, 풍미, 기후 적응력, 병해충 저항성, 사료로서의 가치, 질소고정력 등- 이 있는 씨앗을 선택한다(Shiva et al. 2004).
양질의 씨앗은 유전적, 생리적, 물리적, 건강적 특성의 총체이다. 유전적 품질과 관련하여, 그 물질은 기원이 알려져 있고, 이미 지역에서 시험되었으며, 격리된 환경에서 생산되어야 한다. 씨앗은 농민 육종가가 육종할 수 있다. 농민이 자신의 유전 물질을 선택하고자할 때, 다음과 같은 여러 세부 사항을 염두에 두어야 한다:
- 농장에 가장 잘 맞는 식물을 선택한다: 잘 자라고, 수확량이 많고, 양질의 과실(모양, 색, 풍미) 등.
- 선발한 식물은 최대한 관심을 기울이며 돌보아야 한다.
- 선택한 유형에 해당하지 않는 모든 식물을 제거하고, 격리하는 거리를 엄격히 지켜야 한다.
- 병해충을 지닌 이웃의 식물은 제거해야 한다.
- 과실은 잘 익은 걸 따야 한다.
- 일단 따면 씨앗을 즉시 꺼내야 한다.
- 저장 절차는 식물이 속한 과에 따라 다르다:
>>> In case of fresh tomato cultivars for example, the juice, seeds and placenta should be put in a glas jar for fermentation for 24 to 48 hours fermentation, depending on ambient temperature, to prevent bacterial cancrosis problems transmitted by seeds. If the seeds get pressed together, the lumps should be taken appart by hand. The seeds is then stored in brown paper bags, with diatomaceous earth or wood ashes. In the latter case, the ratio is 50% seeds and 50% ash.
>>> When storage of grain such rice is needed, the best strategy is to sun dry the seeds before storage; sun dry should be carried-out at low air moisture. Before storage the grains should be soaked in neem oil, as this helps keep away storage pests.
See on TECA the following experience from Bangladesh: Rice seed drying (Africa Rice Center video on rice advice)
## Physical quallity comes from physical botanical purity. In this context, the farmers must keep in mind that:
- Only pure seed of the selected species should be kept, free from foreign seeds. Great care must be taken while picking lettuce, onion, carrots, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, to keep out weeds with seeds, because separation later is very difficult.
- It should include the smallest possible amount of inert material (remains of flowers, fruits, etc.).
- It should have good weight and size, without mechanical damage (e.g. wild radish seeds are very sensitive, their seed cuticle being very brittle during the seed cleaning process).
## Health quality should be achieved by working-up a healthy, organic soil, rich in organic matter, nutrients and microorganisms, so that plants grow healthy and without nutrient or physiological imbalances that make them suceptible to pests and diseases. Strict control of unhealthy plants should be established, so as not forster foci of infection and sources of inoculation brough from plant by insect vectors.
Importance of traditional varieties (Shiva et al. 2004)
- Traditional seeds are locally available because farmers collect good seeds from their own plots and keep them for the next season.
- Farmers either buy or exchange their seed with other farmers or grow their own seeds. Therefore the cost of seeds is minimal.
- Native seeds are geared to a subsistence economy as the farmers first grow food for his subsistence and/or stock seed for the next season and market only the surplus.
- Native seeds embody indigenous knowledge. A farmer who uses native seeds use his/her traditional knowledge, skills and wisdom to grow them, promoting self-reliance.
- An outstanding feature of native seeds is diversity.
- Native seeds are hardy, as they have, over the years, developed resistance to the pests and diseases.
- Traditional seeds have high level of tolerance to conditions of stress and are adapted to local agroclimatic conditions.
Seed conservation
Farming communities have always implemented conservation methods known to the formal sectr as ex-situ (off-field) and in-situ (in-field) conservation strategies. In-situ conservation provides farmers a valuable option for conserving crop biodiversity and helps to sustain evolutionary systems that are responsible for the generation of genetic variability. This is especially significant in many parts of the world subject to drought and other stresses, because it is under such environmental extremes that variations useful for stress-resistance breeding are generated. In the case of diseases or pests, this allows for continuing host-parasite co-evolution.
Also under this conditions, access to a wide diversity of local seeds probably provides the only reliabled source of planting material. The ability of such materiald to survive under to survive under these stresses is conditioned by their inherent broad genetic base.
The seed system used in most traditional farming systems is based on the local production of seeds by the farmers themselves. Farmers consistently retain seed as security measure to provide back-up in case of crop failure.
Farmers practice seed selection, production and saving for informal distribution of planting material within and among the farming communities. Community seed bank represents one strategy for a collective maintenance of genetic diversity in crops/plant species. Low-cost community level seed bank or seed storage facilities can help to preserve climate mitigating characteristics of traditional varieties, while, at the same time, serving as a base material for farmers to select special lines to meet their changing needs. They also play a role in improving market outlets through enabling communities to produce crop of known quality and in stabilizing prices over changing situations. Thus, community seed bank development contributes toward promoting economic empowerment of farmers.
Likewise, the establishment of species adapted to extreme environments in field gene banks at strategic sites can provide a reserve for places where traditional crops may have completely failed. Germplasm materials maintained in such fiedls could be distributed to rural farming communities or for further investigation of their potential use in breeding programs to improve food security.
This is part of a training guide on Organic Agriculture. Further reading is available on the following topics:
- Introduction to Organic Agriculture
- Considerations for Conversion to Organic Agriculture
- Step by Step Conversion to Organic Agriculture
- Mulching in Organic Agriculture
- Water Management in Organic Agriculture
- Crop Planning and Management in Organic Agriculture
- Nutrient Management in Organic Agriculture
- Pest and Disease Management in Organic Agriculture
- Weed Management in Organic Agriculture
- Soil Cultivation and Tillage in Organic Agriculture
- Plant Propagation in Organic Agriculture
- Animal Husbandry in Organic Agriculture
All these techniques have been compiled by Ilka Gomez thanks to the collaboration of IFOAM, FiBL and Nadia Scialabba (Natural Resources Officer - FAO).
The full manual can be accessed here: Training Manual on Organic Agriculture
See also
Further reading
FAO. 2011. Climate change and food systems resilience in Sub-Saharan Africa. Edited by Lim Li Ching, Sue Edwards and Nadia El-Hage Scialabba, p. 361-377
IFOAM. 2003. Pest and disease in organic management. A Latin American perspective. Compiled and edited by Dr. Dina Foguelman, p. 41-43
Shiva V., Pande P., Singh J. 2004. Principles of organic farming: Renewing the Earth’s harves. Published by Navdanya, New Delhi, India.
IFOAM. 2003. Training Manual for Organic Agriculture in the Tropics. Edited by Frank Eyhorn, Marlene Heeb, Gilles Weidmann. http://www.ifoam.bio/
FiBL. 2011. African Organic Agriculture Training Manual – Pest, Disease and Weeds. Version 1.0 June 2011. Edited by Gilles Weidmann and Lukas Kilcher. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick
FiBL. 2011. African Organic Agriculture Training Manual – Conversion. Version 1.0 June 2011. Edited by Gilles Weidmann and Lukas Kilcher. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick
NRC & TECA. 2015. Training Manual for Organic Agriculture:
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/nr/sustainability_pathways/docs/C...
Category
Region
Created date
Source(s)
Climate, Energy and Tenure Division (NRC) in FAO
The Climate Impact, Adaptation and Environmental Sustainability team of the Climate, Energy and Tenure Division (NRC) develops the knowledge base on the impact of climate, climate change and climate variability on agriculture, and facilitates the use of this information and knowledge through field projects. The team also supports capacity development at national level by supporting governments to integrate disaster risk reduction in the agriculture sector as well as identifying, testing and validating in cooperation with various partners climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction good practice options to build resilience of all actors in agriculture to the impact of climate change and extreme weather events.
Organic Agriculture work in FAO:
The coordination of FAO’s organic agriculture activities is housed in the Climate, Energy and Tenure Division. Since 1999, the Organic Agriculture programme works along three main areas:
- Strengthening the ability to exchange information and to set-up organic agriculture networks, in order to ensure that producers, operators and governments have access to the reliable and quality information needed for informed decision-making, for directing research and extension, and for making investments;
- Developing and disseminating knowledge and tools that support organic plant protection, soil and nutrient management, animal husbandry and post-harvest operations, especially in developing countries and market-marginalized areas;
- Assisting governments in designing the types of legal and policy frameworks that provide support to farmers by facilitating the marketing and trade of certified organic products that meet international inspection and certification standards.
For queries related to climate change and disaster risk reductions, you can contact: DRR-for-FNS@fao.org or climate-change@fao.org
For queries on organic agriculture, you can contact: Nadia Scialabba. Nadia.Scialabba@fao.org
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