728x90

한때 퀴노아가 서구인들에게 슈퍼푸드로 각광을 받으며 이를 주로 생산해 주식으로 소비하는 페루 사람들의 식량주권에 악영향을 미친다는 소식이 자주 들렸다.

 

그런데 이제는 에티오피아의 테프라는 곡물이 새로운 슈퍼푸드로 인기를 얻으며 그 전철을 밟고 있다고 한다.

 

산업화된 세계 먹을거리 체계의 그림자이다.

 

http://mn.kbs.co.kr/mobile/news/view.do?ncd=4223826#kbsnews

728x90

'농담 > 농업 전반' 카테고리의 다른 글

호남평야가 불타고 있다  (0) 2019.06.18
한국 농업의 현주소  (0) 2019.06.18
보리짚 소각은 언제, 어떻게 멈출 수 있을까?   (0) 2019.06.14
농업 고충의 여성화  (0) 2019.06.14
쌀 소비량 예측  (0) 2019.06.13
728x90

밀의 원산지라고 일컬어지는 에티오피아는 그런 만큼 다양한 밀 품종이 존재한다고 합니다. 이러한 유전적 다양성 때문에 특정 질병에 대응할 수 있는 유전자를 발견할 가능성이 높지요. 다양한 품종을 보전하는 일이 중요한 까닭이 바로 여기에 있습니다. 생산성만 최고의 가치로 여기며 널리 재배되면 불의의 병충해나 기상재해로 폭삭 망할 가능성도 높아지는 겁니다. 한국의 입시제도처럼 말이죠.


https://undark.org/article/ug99-wheat-stem-rust-5/

728x90
728x90

이 아름답고도 슬픈 영상을 보셔요. 

요즘 한국에서도 열심히 추진하고 있는 선진국들의 해외농업개발사업이 싸질러 놓는 결과입니다. 
물론 해당 국가의 권력기관도 책임을 져야겠지요. 
---------

에티오피아는 적극적인 해외농업 투자의 관심을 받으며 2008~2010년 상업농장 사업을 위해 약 360만 헥타르의 토지를 임대해 주었다. 이러한 투자는 광범위한 인권 침해와 함께 이루어졌다. 너무 터무니없게도 에티오피아 정부의 토지의 마을 소유화(villagization) 프로그램은 2013년까지 해외투자로 가장 극심한 타격을 입는 5개의 행정 지역과 함께 150만 명의 사람들을 강제퇴거시킬 것이다. 해외 투자자들을 위한 공간을 마련하고자 수십만의 토착민들을 강제이주시킴으로써 생계를 파괴하고, 소농과 목축민 들의 공동체는 Lowerr Omo와 Gambela 지역에서 보고된 바와 같이 보안부대에 의한 강간과 살인이 일어날지도 모른다는 두려움을 느끼고 있다.

Learn more: http://www.oaklandinstitute.org/land-...
Read the report: http://www.oaklandinstitute.org/omo-l...







728x90
728x90

아래의 사진은 에티오피아의 농부와 송아지의 모습입니다. 얼마전 내셔날지오그라픽에 실렸지요.


이 사진의 소는 Sheko라는 품종의 송아지입니다. 

현재 에티오피아의 남부 

Ghibe 계곡이라는 지역에 

약 2500마리만 남은 멸종위기종입니다. 


그런데 요즘 이 품종이 주목을 받고 있다고 합니다. 그것은 바로 이 품종에는 체체 파리가 옮기는 질병에 대한 저항성이 있기 때문이랍니다. 


그래서 종의 다양성, 생물다양성이 중요합니다.

생산성과 효율성, 이윤이라는 명목에 따라 급속하게 획일화되는 자본주의 세계에서 다양성을 확보할 수 있는 방법은 무엇이 있을까요?




728x90
728x90

Watch this video about abuses against the indigenous peoples of Ethiopia's Lower Omo Valley

(Nairobi) – The Ethiopian government is forcibly displacing indigenous pastoral communities inEthiopia’s Lower Omo valley without adequate consultation or compensation to make way for state-run sugar plantations, Human Rights Watch said in a report released today. The report contains previously unpublished government maps that show the extensive developments planned for the Omo valley, including irrigation canals, sugar processing factories, and 100,000 hectares of other commercial agriculture.

The 73-page report, “‘What Will Happen if Hunger Comes?’: Abuses against the Indigenous Peoples of Ethiopia’s Lower Omo Valley,”documents how government security forces are forcing communities to relocate from their traditional lands through violence and intimidation, threatening their entire way of life with no compensation or choice of alternative livelihoods. Government officials have carried out arbitrary arrests and detentions, beatings, and other violence against residents of the Lower Omo valley who questioned or resisted the development plans.

“Ethiopia’s ambitious plans for the Omo valley appear to ignore the rights of the people who live there,” said Ben Rawlence, senior Africa researcher at Human Rights Watch. “There is no shortcut to development; the people who havelong relied on that land for their livelihood need to have their property rights respected, including on consultation and compensation.”



The Lower Omo valley, one of the most remote and culturally diverse areas on the planet, is home to around 200,000 people from eight unique agro-pastoral communities who have lived there for as long as anyone can remember. Their way of life and their identity is linked to the land and access to the Omo River. The Omo valley is in Ethiopia’s Southern Peoples, Nations, and Nationalities Region (SNNPR), near the border with Kenya, and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1980.

The significant changes planned for the Omo valley are linked to the construction of Africa’s highest dam, the controversial Gibe III hydropower project, along the Omo River. Downstream, the sugar plantations will depend on irrigation canals. Although there have been some independent assessments of the Gibe dam project, to date, the Ethiopian government has not published any environmental or social impact assessments for the sugar plantations and other commercial agricultural developments in the Omo valley.

Human Rights Watch interviewed more than 35 residents in June 2011, along with 10 donor officials and at least 30 other witnesses since that time. At the time of Human Rights Watch’s visit, military units regularly visited villages to intimidate residents and suppress dissent related to the sugar plantation development. Soldiers regularly stole or killed cattle.

“What am I going to eat?” a man of the Mursi ethnic group told Human Rights Watch. “They said to take all my cattle and to sell them and to only tie one up at my house.  What can I do with only one? I am a Mursi. If hunger comes I shoot a cow’s neck and drink blood. If we sell them all for money how will we eat?”

The evidence gathered by Human Rights Watch since its visit demonstrates that in the past year regional officials and security forces have forcibly seized land from indigenous communities living and farming within the areas slated for sugar production. Reports of forced displacement and the clearing of agricultural land have gathered pace.

Access to the Omo River is critical for the food security and way of life of the pastoralists who live in the valley. Several community representatives said that state officials had told them, without any other discussion, that the communities would need to reduce the number of their cattle and resettle in one place, and that they would lose access to the Omo River.

As of June 2012, irrigation canals have been dug, land has been cleared, and sugar production has begun along the east bank of the river. Government maps photographed by Human Rights Watch indicate that the area where sugar cultivation is under way is a fraction of what is labeled as “Sugar Block one.” Two additional “blocks” of land that will be taken for sugar cultivation are to follow. Ethiopia’s existing assessments of the impact of the Gibe dam do not include the impact of sugar cultivation and irrigation on the flow of the Omo River, or the downstream impact on Lake Turkana. The massive network of irrigation canals indicated on the maps suggests that the previous assessments are insufficient.

The full implementation of the plan could affect at least 200,000 people in the Omo valley and another 300,000 Kenyans living across the border around Lake Turkana, which derives up to 90 percent of its water from the Omo River. Human Rights Watch said Kenya should press for new environmental and social impact assessments that examine the cumulative impact of the Gibe III dam and the irrigated commercial agriculture scheme.

These developments – which threaten the economic, social, and cultural rights of the Omo valley’s indigenous inhabitants – are being carried out in contravention of domestic and international human rights standards, which call for the recognition of property rights, with meaningful consultation, consent, and compensation for loss of land, livelihoods, and food security, and which state that displacement, especially of indigenous peoples from their historic homelands, must be treated as an absolute last resort.

The rights of indigenous peoples are addressed by Ethiopia’s own laws and constitution, as well as the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and regional human rights treaties and mechanisms such as the African human rights charter as interpreted by the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Under these laws and agreements, indigenous peoples have property rights over the land they have historically occupied that must be recognized by the state, and they can only be displaced with their free, prior, and informed consent. Even when such consent is given, they must also be fully compensated for any loss of land, property, or livelihood.

In fact, Ethiopia has not recognized any rights over the land of the indigenous communities of the area, including tenure security, Human Rights Watch found. Neither has it taken steps to adequately consult with, let alone seek the consent of, the indigenous peoples of the Omo valley, in particular taking into account the scant formal education of most of the population.

The Ethiopian government has responded to concerns raised by Human Rights Watch by noting that the plantations will bring benefits to the indigenous populations in the form of employment. Employment may be a welcome benefit for affected communities. But the prospect of some jobs does not remove the urgent need for the government to suspend plantation development until rigorous assessments have been carried out, the rights of the indigenous communities over their land has been recognized and consent sought, and any displacement or acquisition of land is shown to be strictly necessary, proportionate, and compensation provided, Human Rights Watch said.

Many international nongovernmental organizations have raised concerns about potential social and environmental impacts of the Gibe III hydropower project and have criticized the Ethiopian government for a lack of transparency and independent assessment. The Ethiopian government withdrew its request of the World Bank and African Development Bank for financing of the Gibe dam project but has not publicized its reasons for doing so. UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee has recommended suspending the project pending further independent evaluation of the effect on Lake Turkana.

The Ethiopian government relies on international aid for a significant percentage of its budget. Security forces and officials from the regional and district administrations are implementing the plans for the sugar plantations and telling local residents they must move, without any consultation or recognition of their rights. A multi-donor funded program called Protection of Basic Services (PBS) provides hundreds of millions of dollars to support health, education, and other sectors and funds the salaries of district government officials across Ethiopia, including SNNPR region. The main donors to PBS are the World Bank, the United Kingdom, the European Union, the Netherlands, and Germany.

Human Rights Watch called on the Ethiopian government to suspend the construction of Gibe III and the associated sugar plantations until these developments can be carried out in a manner consistent with national laws and international human rights standards. The Ethiopian government should recognize the rights of the Omo valley’s indigenous communities over their historic homelands and engage in meaningful discussion with them over the future use of their land and compensation on that basis, prior to further industrial development in South Omo. Donors should ensure their funding is not supporting forced displacement or unlawful expropriation of indigenous lands, Human Rights Watch said.

“Ethiopia’s desire to accelerate economic development is laudable, but recent events in the Omo valley are taking an unacceptable toll on the rights and livelihoods of indigenous communities,” Rawlence said. “The government should suspend the process until it meets basic standards, and donors should make sure their aid is not facilitating abuses.”


728x90
728x90





TRANscript:

Anchor introduction: And now a follow-up to a story that aired on NEWSHOUR in April 2010 about foreign land investment in Ethiopia. In the wake of that investment, tens of thousands of residents are being relocated off their ancestral lands and are losing access to valuable farmland and water resources. Reporter Cassandra Herrman brings us this story from the western region of Gambella, Ethiopia.

Reporter Cassandra Herrman: The Anuak people of the Gambella region have lived in scattered settlements like this for centuries, growing maize in wetter months and farming closer to the river in the dry season.

But last year, the Ethiopian government launched a program called “villagization.” Officials told the people here they would be relocated to areas with better access to clean water, health and education. But this woman says they were forced to move under false pretenses.

Tenyi woman: When we left our farm, our crops were ready for harvest, but they told us to leave them in the field, that we would find plenty of corn and other food in the new place we were moving. But they don’t give you enough food to fill you up. They give you food in a small container, but it can’t even feed a family for a day. 

Reporter: The plight of the Anuak people is at the heart of a complex battle over land ownership and water rights between farmers, the government and foreign investors.   It’s a battle that’s being fought in many African countries.

The Ethiopian government officially owns title to all the land here, but farmers have the right to use it. The government calls this land “abandoned” because it’s so sparsely populated. But Anuak say they need it – some for grazing, some to lay fallow – and that it’s the best farmland in the country.

Tenyi man: Moving us to a new village might be good for the government, but not for us. It’s not good to move a person from the land they have lived on for generations.  Maybe the government thinks we are not worthy enough to live on such beautiful land, and they want to have it.

Reporter: Over the next two years, 1.5 million people in four regions of Ethiopia will be relocated. The government insists that the villagization program is voluntary. But Human Rights Watch says Anuak are being forced to move so that the government can lease the land to investors. The rights group recently documented cases of violence and arbitrary arrest.

Okok Ojulu: Land is political; land is very emotional. And land is our identity.

Reporter: Anuak leader Okok Ojulu was a voice of resistance against villagization.  Fearing for his life, Ojulu fled Ethiopia and now lives in exile in neighboring Kenya.

Ojulu: I see my village – very small in the face of this big population coming in – I see a big threat. We need to fight for the future of our children.  

Reporter: Ojulu says it’s not just his people’s land that’s at stake. Gambella, with several rivers and a sizable dam, is rich in water resources. Water is the driving force behind many agricultural deals on the African continent.

This rice farm is owned by a Saudi sheik and is on land that the Anuak consider theirs.  According to the company, Saudi Star, when completed, this rice farm will be the largest in Africa. 

CEO: Our objective is to put Ethiopia on the rice map of the world. We would like to export about 1 million tons of rice. We expect about $1 billion of income for the country.

Reporter: In many places in the world, water is becoming a scarce resource. Saudi Star’s rice will go to Gulf nations no longer able to irrigate their own crops. To attract investors to this area of the Nile River Basin, the Ethiopian government puts few, if any, restrictions on water usage in its contracts with foreign companies.

Saudi Star will spend $2.5 billion on the rice farm ­– on clearing forest, on their fleet of new tractors and combines, and on experts like Muhammad Manzoor Khan, one of the project’s directors.

Muhammad Manzoor Khan: It is a lot of rice for the world market and also for the local people. This project is generating a lot of income. It can really bring a kind of revolution in food production, as well as uplifting the social conditions of the people around.

Reporter: But Ethiopians don’t typically eat rice, and many question the move to grow crops for export when Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa have a long history of periodic hunger caused by war and weather problems.

Dessalegn Rahmato: This country is a country that has suffered food insecurity and famine, still suffers food insecurity, and yet gives out these huge land resources to foreign capital.

Reporter: Dessalegn Rahmato is a food policy expert with the Forum for Social Studies. He says making sure people have access to food should be the government’s priority.

Rahmato: There is no provision in any of the contracts signed by the government and investors ­– there is no provision for food security, local food security, at all. And if there are people starving there, it’s not their concern.

Reporter: In the capital, Addis Ababa, the government says the way to ensure people can afford food is to provide jobs through attracting investment and foreign currency. At the Ministry of Agriculture, Director of Investment Essayas Kebede says that as a country of farmers, Ethiopia needs agricultural exports in order to pay for importing necessary items.

Essayas Kebede: To have tractors, to have harvesters, to have equipment and to have fertilizer. We are importing fertilizer, we are importing oil; we are importing everything!

Reporter: But in Gambella, Anuak say they are not seeing the benefits of the country’s investment strategy. While companies like Saudi Star now have access to much of the region's best land and water, the leader of this village says they’ve been moved to drier areas, where farming is more difficult.

Perbongo leader: If they take all the water from the small river, the river will dry up. Then where would we get water? I heard also they are planning to take water from the lake a few kilometers from here. 

Reporter: The lake he is referring to is the Alwero Dam. Saudi Star is close to finishing an 18-mile canal from the dam to irrigate their rice fields. 

Perbongo leader: If I knew that they were moving me so they could sell my land, I would have refused to leave, so they could kill me and bury me in my own land! That would have been better.

Reporter: Many of the relocated communities could face endemic hunger as early as next year, according to Human Rights Watch. Most are still waiting for farms or seed.  More than 12 million Ethiopians are currently in need of food assistance. 

The future for groups like the Anuak grows increasingly uncertain as the global land rush continues not just in Ethiopia, but in dozens of countries across the African continent.

728x90
728x90

By Andualem Sisay 

Gadissa Hunde, 51, is a farmer in Telecho, a small village located 55 kilometers from the Ethiopian capital, Addis Ababa. He raised all his 14 children farming mainly wheat and barley on two hectares. This season he covered all his land with wheat but four different varieties – Bonde, Seba-and (71), Ejersa and Tikur sinde. 

“After we saw failure of improved wheat seeds last year, we don’t depend on one or two types of seeds even if they are improved,” he says. “Last harvest season, I was expecting some 30 quintals of wheat production per hectare from the improved seeds, Galama and Kubsa, unfortunately it was all hit by a disease called ‘wag’, while the old farmers’ wheat variety we planted resisted the disease. Now, I mixed the old farmers’ seed variety and the new improved seed.”

On its, 1,600 hectares of land size, Telecho has 546 households who are primarily engaged in farming wheat and barley like Gadissa. Here, one household owns from half up to five hectares of farming land. one has to walk at least an hour on foot from the main road to meet these farmers.  They are used to it. Carrying their stuff on their backs, even children and mothers move up and down from and to the nearest town- Erob Gebeya.

Praising their lord for saving the new improved wheat seed from the last year’s disease, all Chelecho farmers are now engaged in harvesting activities. These farmers have gone through many episodes, from filling their pocket planting improved wheat varieties such as, Kenya-sinde, Engliz during the previous regimes up to losing their harvest by drought, untimely heavy rains and frost.

Today the main challenge for Telecho farmers is to get the appropriate and affordable seed variety on time. “We are in short of seeds; whether it improved seeds or farmers’ varieties of wheat or barley,” says Beddada Leta, Chairman of Telecho Kebele (district).

Improved (hybrid) Seed Vs farmers’ Varieties 
According to the chairman of Telecho Kebele, of the 546 total households, only six farmers got improved wheat variety, while another two obtained improved barely seeds last year in. 
Researchers estimate that Ethiopian agriculture requires over 700,000 tons of seed each year to grow cereals (such as teff, maize, wheat, sorghum, barley, and finger millet) and pulses (such as faba beans, field peas, haricot beans, and chick peas).

One of the means in which farmers in Ethiopia acquire seeds is by saving from their crops and use in the next planting seasons or buying and selling informally. While, the other is the formal means where farmer cooperatives, input suppliers, and other venues sell improved seeds with better yield than normal seeds to farmers. 

Over the last five years, on average some 12 million hectares of land is cultivated by major food crops in Ethiopia. Out of this around 11 million hectares was covered by non-improved local seeds. Of the total annual arable land coverage by major food crops, 96.5 percent is covered by farmers’ variety seeds and 3.5 percent is by improved seeds. 

Who’s in Charge?
According to Genetic Resources and Community Knowle4dge and Community Rights Proclamation of Ethiopia, all genetic resources including farmers’ variety seeds are the property of the people and the state.  Meanwhile, such proclamations don’t seem to save some of crop varieties of the country from being smuggled and patented by other companies of other countries such as the case of ‘teff’ by a Dutch company.

On the other hand, most commercial seed production in Ethiopia has been dominated by the government institution the Ethiopian Seed Enterprise since the late 1950s. According the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) working paper of July 2010, approximately 80 percent of all commercial seed was produced by the government in 2008.

“We need laws, which do not impair the control of seed at the local level,” says Mellese Damtie, a scholar who is conducting his PhD on seeds. “Our laws must strike the balance between high-level of productivity and diversity of seeds. Long term benefits should never be compromised for short term needs,” he noted in one of his paper, Reflections on National and international legal provisions on seeds issues, presented this week here in Addis at Ghion Hotel workshop prepared to share views with Ethiopian Parliamentarians on generic seed, ecological agriculture and farmers’ rights. 

Sustainability 
The farmers in Telecho remember that Tikur Sinde, lakech, Kenya sinde and Engliz are some of the farmers’ wheat varieties vanished from area. Now the farmers are searching for these farmers’ varieties in other parts of the country. 

Gadissa Hunde, 51, a farmer in Telecho,Oromia Region Ethiopia- Phot: newbusinessethiopia.com

These are the seeds that most Chelecho farmers confidently expect something from at the end several months of hard work to fill their belly and their family’s’ as compared to the improved varieties, which are full of uncertainty with expensive inputs, which can’t be affordable at most Ethiopian small-hold farmers’ level.

“After the improved seeds we used last year failed to resist disease, we are now returning back to our old farmers’ variety seeds,” says, Mulugeta Taffa, another farmer of Chelecho.

That is why Movement for Ecological Learning and Community Action (MELCA- Ethiopia), a local non-governmental organization, has begun supplying some of these varieties to Telecho farmers after testing the productivity and diseases resistance of the seeds on their farms last year.

MELCA- Ethiopia has now provided 11 quintals of farmers’ variety seeds of wheat to 20 Telecho farmers. “We have started distributing these seeds to the farmers to expand their options of seed,” says Shimelis Tegegn, project coordinator of Suba-Sebeta areas project of MELCA- Ethiopia.

The seeds distributed by the organization came from Chefe Donsa area of Oromia Region where another non governmental organization, EOSA has been teaching the farmers in the area on how they can traditionally hybrid different farmers’ varieties of seeds and save them in community seed banks.

“Farmers need to have as many options as possible in seed selection because some improved seeds are failing to resist plant diseases in the face of climate change, as witnessed in Telecho area, a year a go. In addition, improved seeds productivity declines every year by nature and costs the farmers more and more chemicals and fertilizers if they have to use that seed again and again,” Shimelis says.

It was after the 1984 drought and famine in Wollo area of Ethiopia that EOSA has come up with the idea of establishing community seed banking realizing that the farmers have no seed at hand when the rain comes back.

“In a country where the agro-climate and the soil types vary in few kilometers distance, participatory seed variety development practices, where farmers and scientists work together, are proven to be useful strategy,” argues Regass Feyisa, Director of EOSA. “We need to invest more on improving productivity of farmers’ (existing) seed varieties”.

New Intervention 
Unlike the activity of MELCA-Ethiopia and EOSA, recently the Ethiopian government has established a new institution Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Agency (EATA), which mainly focuses on improving farmers’ access to hybrid (improved) seeds through formal marketing channel.

The road to Chelecho- Phot- newbusinessethiopia.com

The United States Aid for International Development (USAID) and Feed the Future, which recently financed the tour of journalists from 20 different countries including an Ethiopian to witness success of United States farmers who used Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) seeds, are now partnering with the newly established EATA to overcome the multiple causes of food insecurity and malnutrition problems in Ethiopia.

Seed Policy, Biotechnology, General Land Policy, Pastoral Land Policy, World Trade Organization Accession and Foreign Bank entry to Ethiopian market are listed as the broad intervention areas of Feed the Future program of the United States Government in Ethiopia.

According to the statement the US embassy in Addis Ababa dispatched to the media following the U.S. State Department Acting Special Representative for Global Food Security Jonathon Shrier visit to Ethiopia last week, FtF in Ethiopia’s program focuses on agricultural and pastoral livelihoods, the use of hybrid seeds, commodity markets, the role of the private sector and water resources.

The program plans to invest some 100 million US dollars within five years in 83 Agricultural Growth Program woredas plus an additional 17 woredas for greater strategic geographic coverage, representing approximately 13 percent of Ethiopia’s administrative woredas.

Now the question is, “will the latest intervention of United States government in Ethiopian agriculture sector through EATA provide farmers like Gadissa more options on their seed selection or push them to stick only with hybrid seeds that could be less disease tolerant and more agro-chemicals consuming as compared to farmers’ variety.  


728x90
728x90

에티오피아의 유기농업

 

 

 

몇 천 년이나 농촌에서 하던 일

 

1996년에 개최된 ‘세계 식량 정상회담(World Food Summit)’에서는 2015년까지 기아로 고통 받는 인구를 반감시키겠다고 약속했다. 하지만 10년 이상 지난 지금도 개발도상국에서는 8억 2000만 명이나 굶주리고 있다. 이는 1996년보다도 늘어난 수이다. FAO의 ‘2006년 세계 식량안전 보장 상황 보고서’에 따르면, 전환국의 2500만 명과 선진국의 900만 명을 합하면 실제로는 8억 5400만 명이 굶주리고 있는 상황이다. 게다가 기아 인구는 줄어들기는커녕 해마다 400만 명씩 늘고 있다.

그런데 희망이 되는 사례가 있다. 2005년 10월 세계 식량 정상회담 10주년을 기념하는 회의에서, 에티오피아의 환경보호성 장관 테올데 베르한 게브레 에그지아브헬Tewolde Berhan Gebre Egziabher 박사가 공개한 에티오피아의 티그레이Tigray주州에서 행한 지속가능한 농업의 성과가 그것이다. NGO와 정부의 농업국이 10년에 걸쳐 프로젝트를 실험한 결과, 유기농업으로 화학비료를 쓰던 관행 농장의 배가 되는 수확량을 생산한다는 것을 보여주었다.

테올데 박사는 UNEP에서 지구의 옹호자 상(Champion of the Earth Award)과 생계권 상(Right Livelihood Award) 등 많은 상을 수상한 인물이다. 그는 유기농업으로 근대 농업과 똑같은 식량을 생산할 수 있냐고 묻는 말에 “그럴 수 있다”고 말한다.

 

 

테올데 박사.

 

 

 

“저는 유기농법으로 세계의 인구를 먹일 수 있다고 확신합니다. 그와 함께 유기농업이 확대되지 않으면 세계의 인구는 줄어들 것이라는 점도 확신합니다.”

 

테올데 박사는 ‘티그레이 프로젝트’를 낳은 부모로서, 프로젝트의 목표는 농장과 농사땅 주변의 야생종이 수분受粉, 병충해 조절, 물과 양분의 순환이라는 기능을 발휘하도록 농사땅이 아닌 곳을 포함해 생태계의 자연 순환 기능을 전체적으로 강화하는 것이다. “정말로 할수 있느냐”고 사람들이 물으면 테올데 박사는 다만 이렇게 답한다.

“옛날부터 농촌 지역사회는 몇 천 년 동안 이렇게 해 왔습니다. 우리의 지식은 더욱 늘어났습니다. 그렇다면 그들이 하던 것보다 더 잘할 수 있습니다.”

 

 

 

티그레이 프로젝트

 

박사의 프로젝트가 행해진 티그레이주는 에티오피아의 가장 북쪽에 있는데 주민의 85% 이상이 농업에 종사하고 있다. 토지가 매우 나빠져서 농업 생산성이 낮고 매우 가난하다. 유아 사망률이 높고, 교육·의료·평균 수명이 모두 참혹하게 낮은 수준으로 에티오피아에서도 가장 가난한 지역의 하나이다.

 

 

에티오피아의 티그레이 지역.

 

 

처음에 티그레이 농업사무소(Tigray Agriculture Bureau)가 지역의 과제를 해결하고자 채택한 방식은 화학비료와 농약을 쓰도록 권장하는 ‘사사코와Sasakowa Global 2000’이었다. 그런데 세계의 농사땅 대부분은 세계 시장을 대상으로 농산물 가공품과 공업적으로 가축을 길러 팔고자 농약과 화학비료에 기반을 둔 집약적인 대규모 단작으로 꾸준히 나빠지고 있다. 녹색혁명은 그 이름처럼 ‘녹색’이 아니다.

“공업적인 농업으로 앞으로 1만 년 이후에도 세계의 인구를 먹일 수 있을까요?”

이 지역의 몇몇이 이렇게 묻기 시작했을 때, 모든 것이 시작되었다. 테올데 박사가 통솔하는 수도 아디스 아베바에 있는 지속가능한 개발 연구소(Institute for Sustainable Development)도 협력 관계로 참가하여, 1995년 퇴비 만들기와 토양과 물 보전하기 등 생태적으로 토지를 경영한다는 독특하고 대안적인 실험이 시작되었다.

티그레이주를 대표하는 곳으로 약 50㏊씩 네 곳의 지구가 시험지로 선택되었다. 세 지구는 산악과 그에 인접해 인구밀도가 낮다. 땅심은 한 곳은 비교적 좋은데 나머지는 척박한데, 빗물에 의한 쓸림과 토양침식으로 식생이 사라지는 문제는 모든 지역에서 나타났다. 그리고 농장이 빗물에 쓸리고 있는 경우도 있었다. 또한 네 번째 지구는 비교적 비옥하고, 인구밀도도 높으며, 소도 많이 키우고 있었는데, 이 지구는 티그레이주 안에서 유일하게 호수에 접하고 있어서 선택되었다. 이 호수는 많은 물고기가 살아 들새도 많이 찾아오는데, 밖으로 흘러 나가는 하천이 없는 폐쇄 유역으로서 집약적인 농업을 하면서 사용하는 화학 자재 때문에 생태계와 생산성에 영향이 있을까 염려하여 선택되었다.

 

 

 

퇴비의 힘

 

프로젝트가 성공한 주안점은 퇴비를 활용한 것이었다. 티그레이에서는 퇴비를 쓰는 전통이 거의 없어 처음에 마을 사람들은 퇴비 쓰기를 주저했다. 하지만 몇몇 마을 사람이 실험하여 성공하자, 그걸 보고서 다른 마을 사람들도 뒤따르기 시작했다. 퇴비로 쓸 원재료가 부족하여 대부분이 현지의 잡초와 가정에서 나오는 것뿐이었다. 그래서 퇴비 원료를 늘리려고 풀씨를 언덕에서 모아와 흩뿌리기도 했다. 또 퇴비의 원료를 만들려고 소량의 질소비료를 줘서 잡초가 잘 자라도록 했다. 이 결과 모든 마을에서 수확량이 높아져 재배할 수 있는 품목도 늘었다. 프로젝트가 시작되고 2년 뒤인 1998년, 퇴비를 쓰는 농장은 화학비료를 쓰는 곳과 똑같은 수확량을 얻을 수 있을 정도가 되었다. 그리고 2002년, 2003년, 2004년의 자료를 보면 화학비료를 쓰는 곳보다 퇴비를 쓰는 농장의 수확량이 평균적으로 더 높고, 때로는 배의 수확량을 올리는 곳까지 있었다. 그들이 쓴 퇴비의 양은 아직 권장량의 반밖에 되지 않았는데, 그것만으로도 수확량이 화학비료의 그것을 뛰어넘었다.

또한 농민들은 퇴비의 효과가 4년이나 이어진다는 사실도 알아차렸다. 화학비료는 해마다 또 줘야 했는데, 퇴비는 해마다 줄 필요가 없었다. 또 토양의 보수력을 높이는 데에도 도움이 된다. 퇴비를 준 곳의 작물은 토양의 보수력이 높아 잘 자란다는 것도 알았다. 에티오피아의 많은 지역에서 가뭄이 문제인 만큼 이는 매우 중요하다. 또 화학비료를 사지 않아도 되기에 경비를 절감할 수 있어 농민의 수입이 올라 빚의 지옥에서 빠져나올 수 있었다. 지속가능한 개발 연구소의 간부들은 퇴비를 쓰면 다음과 같은 많은 장점이 있다는 것을 확실히 했다.

 

생물 다양성이 증가함

김을 매는 노동력이 경감됨

가뭄 피해가 감소됨

해충에 내성이 증가함

화학비료를 살 때보다 낮은 비용을 씀

 

그런데 프로젝트가 추진된 것은 퇴비만이 아니었다. 물을 보전하고, 토양침식을 막으며, 작물 품목을 다양하게 하는 한편, 여러 목적으로 나무 심기도 진행되었다. 예를 들면 빗물에 의한 침식이 진행된 곳에서는 흙막이 댐을 구축하고, 그 배후에도 작은 댐을 만들었다. 그 덕에 빗물에 쓸리던 골짜기 주변 토양의 보수력이 높아져 골짜기의 바로 옆에도 작물을 심을 수 있게 식생이 재생되었다. 또 토양침식을 막고자 돌로 된 장벽과 퇴비를 섞은 구덩이 제방도 만들었다. 더욱 흙을 안정시키는 효과와 함께 가축의 먹이도 하려고 질소를 고정시키는 나무인 Sesbania sesban도 심었다. 그 결과 지하수의 물높이가 높아지고, 지속적인 관개도 할 수 있게 되었다. 프로젝트 8개의 성과는 아래와 같다.

 

 

콩과 식물인 세스바니아 세스반. 

 

 

작물 수확량과 생산성의 증가함

가뭄/해충에 대한 위험이 감소함

화석연료 투입 자재에 의존하던 것이 감소

지하수가 많아짐

땅심이 좋아짐

나빠진 흙이 수복됨

수입이 증가함

여성의 힘과 지위가 높아짐

 

 

 

지역사회의 힘

 

환경과 조화된 기술이 위력을 발휘하는 곳에서는 지역사회의 힘도 크다. 지속가능한 개발 연구소가 추진한 것은 농민이 주도하는 프로젝트였

다. 토지 등 지역 자원의 관리를 개선하려면 지역사회의 권한을 강화해야 한다. 대부분의 마을에서는 미리 프로젝트를 실시하는 방법을 의론하고자 위원회가 만들어져 거듭 회의가 열렸다. 과제와 그걸 자신들이 할 수 있는 해결할 방법을 정하기 위하여 마을마다 집회가 열려, 그 안에서 마을 사람들 스스로 집약적인 유기농업 프로그램을 세웠다. 프로젝트에서도 경험을 쌓은 보급원을 조정자로서 배치해 후원했다. 프로젝트는 농민이 서로 교류하도록 하고, 페달 펌프 등 간단히 이용할 수 있는 기술도 지원했다. 그와 함께 프로젝트를 경영하기 위한 현지 위원회도 설립해, 현지의 사회적인 법 습관도 개정했다. 그리고 협동 작업은 변경의 마을이 쉽다는 점도 알았다. 가령 실험이 잘 기능하지 않아도 보장이 되기에 잃을 것이 별로 없는 만큼 농민들이 열심히 실험에 참가하여, 어느 마을에서는 협동으로 퇴비를 만들 때 쓸 굴을 파기도 했다. 이러한 개혁의 와중에 가장 중요한 일은 여성들이 힘을 길렀다는 점이다.

“지역사회의 조직을 소생시키지 않고 이러한 경영 개혁은 할 수 없겠죠.”

지속가능한 개발 연구소의 소장인 슈 에드워즈Sue Edwards 씨는 말한다. 에드워즈 씨는 원래 식물학자로 본업은 교사 겸 과학 기자인데, 프로젝트의 중심인물 가운데 하나이기도 하다. 그녀는 프로젝트가 성공한 주안점으로 여성의 역할을 강조한다. 이 지역은 몇 년이나 내전을 겪어서 여성이 세대주인 가족이 많은데, 전통적으로 여성이 자기 밭을 쟁기질할 수 없었다. 그래서 남성인 이웃이나 친척이 수소로 쟁기질을 해줄 때까지 기다려야 했다. 그것이 파종 시기를 늦추고, 재배 기간을 단축시키는 장애가 되었다. 이 때문에 프로젝트에서는 여성들을 격려해, 재배 기간이 길어지도록 조, 수수, 옥수수를 모종으로 기르도록 장려했다. 기후변동으로 제때 우기가 찾아올지 예측할 수 없게 된 상황에서 많은 장점이 있는 일이다.

 

 

테올데 박사와 함께한 슈 에드워즈 씨. 

 

 

식량 안전 보장을 담보하는 소농의 유기농업

 

네 지구에서 거둔 성공으로 에티오피아의 다른 지역에도 유기농업이 퍼지게 되었다. 예를 들면 프로젝트로 가장 성과가 있었던 지구의 하나인 워레다Woreda에서는 2100호의 농가로 구성된 열여섯 지구 전체가 프로젝트에 참여하게 되었다. 그리고 2005년에는 지속가능한 개발 연구소와 마흔 두 곳의 지역사회가 프로젝트에 공동으로 참여하는 데까지 확대되었다. 이 때문에 정부도 프로젝트 지구에서는 화학비료와 농약에 바탕을 둔 ‘사사코와 Global 2000’을 촉진하지 않기로 동의했다. 토지가 나빠지는 것과 빈곤, 전쟁 때문에 전략적으로 프로젝트에 참여하는 것이 정부의 전략이 되었다.

현재 프로젝트는 지속가능한 개발 연구소와 지방행정 당국에 더해 농업천연자원국(Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources) 및 메켈레Mekelle대학도 참가하고 있다. 2003년 에티오피아 정부는 유기농업을 지원하겠다고 발표하고, 작물·축산 제품·식품 가공·마케팅 부문을 담당하는 국내의 유기농산물 기준을 만들고자 태스크포스를 조직했다. 유기 제품은 급성장하고 있는 특정 시장으로, 남부와 남서부의 지역사회에서는 공정무역으로 유기농 아라비카 커피를 수출하고 있다. 하지만 해외만이 아니라, 수도 아디스 아베바의 중산층 사이에서는 건강한 과실과 채소에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 예를 들면 완전한 유기농으로 채소, 과실, 관엽식물을 재배하는 유축 복합의 ‘창세기 농장(Genesis Farm)’은 해외에서도 인증을 받은 농산물을 생산하는데, 현지 시장에서도 농산물을 판매하고 있다. 농장에서 생산한 농산물의 값은 다른 곳에서 생산한 현지 농산물보다 비싸지 않고, 심지어 싸기조차 하다. 이 때문에 현장의 노동자들도 농장의 상점에서 채소를 사고 있다. 그런 경제적인 장점만이 아니라, 유기농업으로 식량 안전과 건강한 음식이 확보된다는 지역사회에서의 장점도 인식할 필요가 있다.

“소농을 생산에서부터 제외하는 것은 좋은 방법이 아닙니다. 소농으로 유기농업을 하는 것은 대규모 농업보다 훨씬 세련됩니다.”

슈 에드워즈 씨는 말한다.

‘세계 식량 안전 보장 상황 보고서’는 소농의 생산성을 높여야 한다고 주장하는데, 대부분의 농민, 특히 변경의 가난한 농민 대다수는 외부의 투입 자재를 거의 얻을 수 없다. 그렇지만 티그레이 프로젝트는 열악해진 산악 환경에서도 유기농업으로 화학에 기반을 두는 농업보다 높은 수확량을 생산할 수 있다는 것을 보여준다. 곧 티그레이 프로젝트의 원칙과 접근법은 빈곤에서 빠져나오고, 식량 안전 보장을 얻기 위한 현실적으로 적합한 수단인 것이다.

 

 

 

written by 吉田太郞,  translated by김서방

 

 

인용문헌

 (1) Nicholas Parrott &Terry Marsden, The Real Green Revolution, Organic and agroecological farming in the South, Greenpeace Environmental Trust February 2002.

 (2) Organic Production for Ethiopia, ISIS Report 25/06/2004.

 (3) Lim Li Ching, Organic farming 'improving Ethiopian yields', South-North Development Monitor, 6 Nov,2006.

 (4) Fredrik Moberg, Jakob Lundberg, Ecosystem Services-Based Farming in Ethiopia Increases Crop Yields & Empowers Women, Sustainable Development Update, Issue 6, 2007.

 (5) Admin,Ecosystem Services-Based Farming in Ethiopia Increases Crop Yields & Empowers Women, 21 April 2008.

728x90

+ Recent posts